Human Cultures and Languages tries to expose, and sometimes tries to solve, the origins of the human cultures and languages and their evolutions till the change of Era.

Human Cultures and Languages is an essay developed from informations available in scientific books and internet sites (a little bibliography has been included with the most important sources for the configuration of these pages). Such informations are given as they appear without major modifications. Then some personal thoughts based in the empiric method of deduction are included as IDEAs; of course empirism is not a law, but it is to suppose that a process that is enough known
that usually takes place in a way and not in another leads to see other similar but less known processes as having a common behaviour, and thence a common developement. The ideas can be critizised, taken freely, or even the reader can suggest more ideas that could be included in these pages: the History belongs to the Humankind.

Please be aware that these pages need more development and even exhaustive revision. 30SEP2004

THE FUZZY SIGHT OF THE SCIENCE

IDEA: Linguists, Archeogenetists, Archaeologists, etc. are misled many times by taking into account that the studied cultures are rarely pure. Other facts that blurr the sight of the science are also limited investigation or lack of available materials.

Around a 40% of the Armenian lexic is not Indoeuropean.

The Dravidian Tamil language has a 25% of IE lexic (adstrate).

Substrat example: Gascon romance spoken in SW France is considered appart of Occitan by some scholars by its special features that separates it from the core Occitan-Provençal; it is clear here how Latin was"deformed" by in one side Celtic speakers (giving place to core Occitan, and in the other side by Basque [Vasconia Wasgonia Gascony] speakers giving place to Gascon: ROTA a-rroda, CASTELLO caste-th, LUNA lu-a, FOCO h-uec, CUMBA coma.

IDEA: such situation, that substrates can influence so much the new language can mislead when classifiying languages, or when dating splitting dates if are not taken into account; as is the case nowadays... Similar happens for genetic human classification.

Ussualy it is said that the same pottery designs do not indicate the same ethnographic populations or languages. As the case where a Kurd village uses the same pottery as an Arab neighbor village.

IDEA: But that does not mean that a millennia ago all villages were Arab, or Assyrian...

Positive correlations in actual and past pottery types have been stablished for the Shona, Sabi and Xhosa nations (and languages then) of South Africa.

IDEA: how many linguistic families would be without doubt attested if the cultures that carry them would have left written records old as 3500 years as those left by the Aryans in their Veddas or the Hittites (where a more archaic and common language appears)?.

According to scholars, the Irish and the Armenian languages, both Indoeuropean, today are so different that nobody could be able to deduct its ancient relatedness from the actual linguistic evidence. Similarly, if paralel Swaden Lists of Irish and Bengali, or Welsh and Albanian (all of them related), are compared, there appears less than a 5% of coincidences, being such 5% the minimum to consider such coincidences not to be product of casuality.

Taking into account that wooden spears, wooden bows and arrows, boomerangs, raw stones, or maces don't leave usually archelogical tracks, it would be difficult to reconstruct their expansions, which would point also genetic expansions: the first quarrels among human tribes would have been body-to-body fights, next with maces or sticks, next with rocks that would be a thigh advantage at first, then with boomerangs or spears that would allow to the attackers to take advantage in hitting first, and finally arrows that would allow to the attackers to fit from afar and quickly enough to don't allow reaction. These technologico-strategical advantages might have advanced many human expansion over populations without such technologies (as Spaniards with musketoons over the Incas), and would explain early human expansions over other races.

Only 1/4 of the German, Basque and British mitocondrial genes have been sampled, leaving that a fuzzy picture in the actual genetic maps !!

IDEA: Nowadays Archeogenetic studies suffer myopia since they don't take into account ethnic blends. It would be as if it is tried to recognize from which single fruit has the origin a Macedonia dessert... Cavalli-Sforza has taken into account such genetic blends, but commonly the alocton genes are present in genetic maps; in fact even Cavalli-Sforza reconstructs genetic maps for Spain knowing that the Reconquista was followed by Christian colonization from the north: which profit we can take from such maps to reconstruct earlier migrations if the northerner genes are not taken appart ? And those genes carried there by the Muslim Berbers that invaded the Peninsula ?

IDEA: Black Americans have a mean of 30% of Caucasian genes, with gene tests the results would point that they were not originated in Equatorial Africa but in the Maghrib or the Sahel...

Genetic study links Sardinia island with Catalonia and concludes that both populations are linked from Paleolithic times... without mention that in the Middle Ages was possessed by the Kingdom of Aragon and was colonized by Catalans: yet today remains a city where Catalan is spoken (!).

AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometer) dating of domesticates has shown that the beginning of agriculture in different parts of northwestern Europe was sometimes as much as 2 millennia later than thought previously on the basis of pollen diagrams.

THE BEGINNING - PALEOLITHIC

First remains of anatomically modern humans in Near East dated by -92000/-109000 (in Israel), and those of Africa are by -74000/-130000 (in South Africa); these modern men used till -55000 the rough Mousterian tools, as other Sapiens and Neaderthal men; but from -55000 the modern men used new and improved tools typologies among the best known being that of Aurignacian.

Modern man's (Homo Sapiens Sapiens) first evidences are found in the South Africa and Palestine dating of about -100000, but true human psycholigical charcateristics would appear around -50000 (self conscious, with abstract concepts/language left archealogically in pictures, symbols and developed tools). Spreading all over the world except the American continent (occupied since -14000); such expansion coincides with a mass extintion of other types of hominids.

IDEA: the IDEA is an abstract concept = reason "logos", but also are abstract the concept of good and evil... and decisions. That the previous hominids had not an abstract thinking does not mean that they did not possess a rudimentary concrete thinking: (as when an hypotetical Neanderthal would feel cold: "cold" followed by "cave" and/or "fire").

Neanderthal suffered a mass and suden extintion just after the arrival of the modern man into Europe.

The modern humans have no Neaderthal genes so that they did not mixed with them, nor with other primitive men that they might have found in their migrations.

IDEA: Three possible ways to the desapparition of the Neanderthal: A- the modern human occupation was more effective reducing so the possibilities of survival of the Neanderthal, or even that the modern humans were able to expel the Neanderthal from their areas, leaving them each time with less and less territory to hunt. B- that there was a general politic of extermination of whichever autochton or non-Sapiens race/specie. C- slavization that would lead after some generations to extintion (in moments that recurses were scarce for both Sapiens and Neanderthal, or by controling the reproduction by the Cromagnons); the sclavization of the Neanderthal is more logic since slavization has been the most current attitude in the History; before the XX Century was exceptional the genocide (as the case of the Lemnos Island where all Attic women and children were slained), because economically was more suitable to keep the conquered populations and that the work and goods produced by them would benefit mainly the owners (Spartians over Iliots, or high-caste Aryans over low-caste Dravidians). If such slavization took place then it would explain many archeological paradoxes. And knowing primitive human behaviour (or recent in Melanesia), even the Neanderthal could have been used as "food reserve" in periods of scarcity...

IDEA: in the period of the spreading of the psychologically complex Homo Sapiens Sapiens could have mingled with those that were not ? Was possible the intermarriage between conscious Sapiens with deficitary Sapiens ? If they did not mix then it could be proposed a similar situation as that of the Neanderthals (slavization and food reserve). In case of intermarriages or reproduction, that would have been conscious male with non-conscious female and rarely the contrary (it would be counterproductive to mate a partner unable to develop his speech, or without enough smartness as to compete with other males, etc.).

Musterian Culture was particular to Neanderthal and to the first modern humans.

China first track of theoric a.m.h is of -65000, in the south. In the other hand no more human continuity has been found there.

Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea formed a single continent which has been named Sahulland. Dates of first presence of a.m.h. ranges depending the sources: -39000, or around -55000

The burial of Mungo Man (first evidence of Homo Sapiens Sapiens in Australia) took place around -45000.

Jewelry composed of reinder theets found in Turkey and in Lebanon dates of -42000. Such remains would be the first evidence of art.

Mid-glacial climate (-60000 to -22000) was punctuated by cold spells that lasted by some few centuries, but were severe as the last glacial maximum (LGM), the transition between cold to polar climates took only some decades... European vegetation: polar desert in the north, shrubby tundra in England and Finland (juniper, dwarf birch and willow), and the rest covered by an open coniferous woodland except the Mediterranean belt (covered by patches of decidious woodlands, and some areas even steppary). In the cold spells the north was covered by a polar desert (dunes and rocks), the Mediterrnean belt was covered by grass steppes, amd the rest by tundra.

The first Homo Sapiens Sapiens in Europe (Cromagnon) have left remains old as -37000.

Europe colonizated from five male adults according to Y-cromosome tests.

IDEA: from a single tribu, with a single language ?

IDEA: The most logical way would have been to soar up the coast from Israel, going to Asia Minor and adapt there or near there (maybe a group that expanded northwards aproffiting the mild climate of the Mid Glacial Climate which would be trapped when a typical cold spell); after adaption a consequent spread to Europe, and a secondary spread directed to Inner Asia that would evolve to Mongoloid features, being isolated from their Caucasoid relatives by the presence of the "Big Barrier" in Central Asia and Siberia.

The first modern human signs in the Indian subcontinent are in Sri Lanka and date from -35000, the island was by then united to the continent (the sea level was some 90 meters down than nowadays).

No human remains in Siberia but from -35000, and these show a clear relatedness with European cultures.

IDEA: Otherwise the LGM might have pushed southwards such first Siberians as happened in Europe because the next human remains will appear after 20000 years (around -15000); this new colonization would have been able to go more northwards till to occupy effectively the Bering Strait.

Japan occupied since -30000 (was by then connected with the mainland).

Late Paleolithic is characterized by modern human remains and technologic advances, but good to remind that archeologists have not reached a certainity on how to link the first European cultures with each other.

IDEA: Archeology has not cleared the relations between Aurignan, Perigord, Gravettian or Chatelperon, may be some of these cultures were in fact developed by Neanderthals that acquired the new technologic skill from the H. Sapiens Sapiens along with some abstract concepts.

Aurignan Culture is the first culture with attested art and constant buryings of modern humans (Cromagnon), frist evidences dating from -38000, but UNIFIED patterns around -33000 in all Europe (reaching as far as Pakistan); end in -25000. This culture had its roots in the Near East in the Achel Culture (-48000) which splitted in two branches (Ahmara and Aurignan).

Perigord or Gravettian Culture (-31000 to -20000) with fine art and covering all Europe. The Gravettian culture reached all Europe, and with the same anthropologic characteristics everywhere. Gravettian first sources would appear first in the ?agros ??untains (between Iraq-Iran), and after in the Altai... Hence modern Europeans have not a first-African origin: the Palestine corridor was desertical and has no archelogical evidences of such epoch.

In the Last Glacial Maximum (after -20000): the Arabic peninsula was an extreme desert; Europe was covered by tundra, polar deserts and grass steppes in the Mediterranean belt (Europe was similar in landscape as Iceland today), the Adriatic sea had half its actual extension, Sardinia and Sicily were connected with the mainland; Anatolia had and arid steppe and was covered by big inner lakes; South India, Indochina and Indonesia (which was united to the continent) had sabannas and shrub woodlands with scattered rainforests; Japan, which was linked with the continent had similar vegetations and landscapes as actual Norway; much of the British Islands, Scandinavia, and north European Russia were covered by an ice sheet, this ice sheet had a polar desert belt in the south (dunes and rocks, as in the Antartida's deserts); eastern China ressembled as Alaska today in vegetation (coniferous forests in the south, sparse trees in the north, and tundras), only the southernmost regions were covered by decidious woodlands similar at those of today's Japan; Siberia was covered in the north by ice sheets and polar deserts, such ice sheets acted as barriers for the rivers so that there were big lakes in the plains, there were some spots of taiga; Africa was covered by sabannas, unique rainforests in the Congo Bassin.

IDEA: Central Asian Big Barrier: Caspian Sea (with doubled extension than today), Central Asia extreme desert, polar desert in NE Siberia, Big Eastern Siberian Lake (the rivers were dammed by the glaciers), and glaciers in the north by -20000. This huge barrier might have been also a Genetic Barrier.
 

With the last Ice Age peak at -18000, the European tribes splitted into Western and Eastern sections.

Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was in -18000, and represented the "compression" of Europeans in South Europe according human genes and even wild animal genes.

In the Last Glacial Maximum (starting around -20000), archeology shows a migration southwards pushed by the increase of coldness: France, Spain and Balkans, where continuated the Gravetian Cuture there, but also appears in Spain, France and Maghrib the Solutrean subculture.

IDEA: This last culture is considered to be by many scholars of African origin, but the conditions of Europe by then (each decade more colder) might have produced the contrary movement, being Spain refugia and bridge to areas with more mild climates (Maghrib).

Genetic results are in agreement with the gene flow (19.5%) from northwest Africa to the Iberian Peninsula estimated in a recent study of variation in the autosomic CD4 locus, and with the evidence of northwest African male input in Iberia calculated at around 20%, using the relative frequency of northwest African Y-chro-mosome-specific markers in Iberian samples. Furthermore, our results clearly reinforce, extend, and clarify the preliminary clues of an important mtDNA contribution from northwest Africa into the Iberian Peninsula. On the basis of the L1b frequencies detected in Spanish and Portuguese samples (2-3%) and those found in western Africa (10-30%), a significant influence (at least 10%) of North Africans in the Iberian gene pool has also been admitted.

IDEA: That direction could be accepted, but also a Paleolithic direction from Spain to Maghrib could explain also such genes.

IDEA: IE-like languages developed in the climatic refugia of the Balkans where Basque-like languages developed in the refugia of Iberia-Pyrienees ?

IDEA: similar as in Europe, the extreme climatical changes might have compeled to the Mongoloid populations of China to seek refugia in the south, henceforth clashing with the local tribes, but being there of different race (Australoid or Negrito).

IDEA: What influence could have had viruses and bacterias over human spreads ? It could be taken as reference the case of the Native americans: almost 2/3 perished after the first contacts with the Europeans by common no-mortal European illnesses as they had not a developed inmunity against such "new" ills. So if the human races were developed almost independently, it could have been possible that per example a mortal virus (as could have been the influenza) became no mortal among the Cromagnons as they would have developed cetain degree of inmunity; but after a contact of Iberomaurisians from Europe with Blacks, the virus would be mortal for the Blacks, leaving much areas uninhabited and fitable to colonize by almost inmune tribes. It could have been that illnesses rather than weapons eased particular racial spreads in the Paleolithic; almost no genetic research has been done with viruses and bacteria to track human expansions, and may be now is too late as globalization has broken all frontiers.

Surely a local evolution of the Gravettian is the Solutrian Culture (-20000 to -15000) in areas of Spain and France The Gravettian will evolve to Epigravetian (since -15000), which separatelly in its Balkan, Italian and Iberian refugia give rise to Romanillo Culture in Italy, Lepenski Vir Culture in the Balkans, and the Spanish ones. Another Gravettian evolution is the Magdale Culture of France and North Spain (-15000 to -13000) distinguished by using bones, which evolved to the Azil Culture (since -13000) and Hamburg Culture (-15000 to -13000) which was a colonization from the Magdelian refugia of North Europe (from Ireland till Poland).

The Maghreb was affected as in other macroregions by the Musterian Culture, which in this concrete area evolved to the Aterian Culture, representing surely a culture developed by local Neanderthals. By -15000 from Egypt / Palestine arrived the modern H. Sapiens according to the advanced lithic industry left, which developed in the area the Iberomauritian culture (also known as Oran Culture); this paleolithic culture survived almost unchanged till the arrival of the neolithic cultures in the Maghrib from Palestine through Egypt, except in the Kabylia and Tunisia, where the westerner mesolithic Capsian Culture extended there around -7000; it seems that the Capsians had a high degree of negroid component.

Cromagnon-type present since -20000 in the Magrhib (Iberomaurisian culture).

By -20000 the Iberomaurisian Culture (of Asiatic origin by some, of European origin by others) occupies the coastal areas of the Maghrib and provokes the disapparition of the Aterians (the first recent human evidences there date of -30000 and pertain to such culture, which was a Musterian branch; it is not kown which human philia produced the Aterian stones, but they inhabited even in the Sahara).

IDEA: conquered by the new arrow's technology (Solutrian), or pushed there by the LGM ?

IDEA: The first genetic PC map of Africa would show such Iberomauritanian expansion ?

The Magdalian Culture (15.000-9.000) was originated and expanded from South France and North Spain. They reach as far as Malta near Baikal Lake, but mainly they will occupy Western Europe.

IDEA: invention of arrow by overpopulation and constant quarrels ??

Around -12000 the climatic conditions tend to ressemble to that of today.

After the Last Glacial Maximum the refugia populations spread northwards (from France to the British Islands and Scandinavia, from the Russian plains to the Baltic). Before to -11000 there was scarce evidence of human occupation north of the line Paris-Kiev.

Mari area and the Upper Volga repopulated since -10000 from the Caucasus, the Mongoloid component started to appear there since -5000.

England and Scandinavia occupied from the south around -8000.

Same Baltic-Finnic anthropological type in the Balts has been unchanged the last 8000 years: since the area was occupied after deglaciation.

Archaeologists have noted a migration of Maglemosian people during the early Mesolithic period in an eastward direction to the northwestern part of Russia. Testimony of this is provided both by settlements of these tribes which have been found in Lithuania and by the effect which the Maglemosian culture had on the territory which lies adjacent to the southwestern shores of the Oneg lake. In the early Mesolithic period, things were manufactured of bone in a method that was completely identical to that used by Maglemosian people in Denmark at the same time. In the very last part of the Paleolithic period, archaeologists have found, there was a migration of people of the Svidrian culture who reached Lithuania and Northwestern Russia. It is usually believed that these people came from Poland Even though the Niemen and the Daugava are separated only by a few hundred kilometers of dry land, the territory between the two rivers remained uninhabited for quite a long time. The most ancient settlements in southern Lithuania are some 2000 years older than the first settlements on the shores of the Daugava. Moreover, the first residents in Latvia arrived not through Lithuania, as would seem logical, but rather from the Southeast, using the Dnieper river and the Upper Daugava for this purpose.

The presence of multiple genetic marker systems indicate a shared ancestry throughout the Atlantic zone, from northern Iberia to western Scandinavia, that dates back to the end of the last Ice Age.

An new paper confirms the anthropological and archaeological picture of a westward spread of Caucasoids in Central Asia in early prehistoric times, followed by the spread of Mongoloids in the opposite direction during the 1st millennium BC. The Caucasoid-Mongoloid hybrid population resulting from these interactions is similar in terms of mtDNA with present-day Central Asians with some noted differences.

Then after that climate was becoming more and more milder around -11000 such populations expanded northwards, following the migrations of the hunted animals. In the other side genetics shows that the major genetic splits among Europeans took place from then.

IDEA: many genetic differentiations in Europe since -12000 because previously with the constant migrations northwards and southwards by the changing climatologic conditions made impossible to create distinctive gene pools appart. Some influence on linguistics might have take place also from it.

Fourth Principal Component gene map centered in Balkans, W Anatolia and S. Italy with irradiaton marking all Europe except Pyrinees-Cantabric, N. France, British Islands, South Scandinavia and Benelux: reflects Greek expansion.

IDEA: The fourth synthetic map of genes in Europe can reflect: a secondary group of Neolithic genes; the Greek expansion; Sea Peoples invasions; areas of colonization of the Cromagnon refugied in the Balkans and the Cromagnon refugied in the Pyrinees.

IDEA: The second synthetic map of genes in Europe would reflect the expansion of those Cromagnon refugied in the Pyrinees when the glacial epoch over scarcely populated lands. Or could reflect the degree among Caucasians and No-Caucasians.

Pottery in the Far East: present in South China since -14000 (some impressed with cords); present in Japan since -14000 (Jomon pottery, used till -1000, and substituted by the new Yayoi type of ware except in Hokkaido Island that used it till 600 AD: Ainu area); the Jomon pottery displays corded marks. In the Russian Far East or Eastern Siberia, the pottery appears by -11000, some with corded impressions.

IDEA: As in Europe, it seems evident that the climatic melioration also led consequent northwards migrations in the Far East. Such migrations could have carried a Mongoloid subrace since it is to suppose that Mongoloids were pushed southwards (as in Europe) when bad climatic conditions appeared, mixing there with Negrito peoples (by assimilation or by elimination). If there were some Mongoloid remnants in the area, they would have been pushed northwards... till to need to croos the Bering Strait.

The Jomon culture lasted 7,000 years. The name means cord-marked or "cord pattern," precisely what was found on their pottery.

America first inhabited by persons from -12000, coming theorically in three waves that crossed the Bering Strait.

Younguer Dryas (between -9200 and -8200) was a partial return to the conditions of LGM, but only affected the northern areas; it might have affected also the peopling of Europe and Asia.

European Paleolithic cultures display coherent evolution and continuation in such a way that each local Mesolithic culture seems connected in an unbroken fashion with its Paleolithic source.

Cromagnon's main sources of food were: red deer, ibex, reindeer; lesser sources were bisons and horses.

In its area, the Hamburguesian Culture will give rise to daughter cultures as the Ahrenburg Culture after -13000, Star Carr in UK, Erteboll in Escandinavia (-4500 to -3200). ?he Sauveterre Culture (-7500 to -5500) in France and Benelux evolves in this same area and in Escandinavia and Central Europe to Tardenois culture (-6200 to -5000).

IDEA: by the archeological evidences it seems that Europe did not suffered of major outer invasions since the first entrance of the Cromagnons there in the Paleolithic; similar trends would be also reflected in genes and in language/s family/ies.

By -8000 (till -5000) Caucasics spread the Capsian Culture in the Maghrib and Sahara; the Capsians had the same racial features as today's Berbers. This culture did not replace the Iberomaurisian in its coastal regions.

IDEA: The Capsian originates from an evolution of the Iberomaurisian cultures that adapted new ecologies ?

ON RACES

By 40,000 years ago the divergent evolutionary branching or dividing of the human species had produced five main lines or subspecies which are still extant -- the Congoid and Capoid [San] of sub-Saharan Africa, the Australoid of India, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia, the Mongoloid of Northeast Asia (expanding into the Americas and replacing the Australoids in Southeast Asia and Indonesia after 4,000 B.C.) and the Caucasoid of Europe, North Africa and West Asia (partly replacing the Australoids in India after 8,000 B.C., the Mongoloids in the Americas after A.D. 1492, and the Australoids in Australia after A.D. 1788).

Cavalli-Sforza genetic subgroupations; Homo Sapiens Sapiens branched in: A. (Pygmy + Black) + San B. Australoid + (Caucasoid + Mongoloid).

IDEA: Racial characteristics might appear from splitting societies, otherwise being together 2 races the distinctiveness would not appear.

IDEA: An example of gene pool that erases racial differences is the case of the Gypsies; they have an origin in North India, as their original language ("Roma" or Kalo). From there they migrated to the Balkans by 1000, and reached Spain by 1500. Now, after so few centuries, and taking into account that the Gypsy laws don't allow intermarriages Gypsy-nonGypsy, it is clear that the Gypsies that inhabit in Romania are the most pure and even retain their language, where many in Slovakia have an Slav constitution (blue eyes, rond head, etc.), and many in Spain ressemble Spaniards till the point that some could not be distinguished by their physical features from southern Spaniards...

IDEA: In the other side, racial/genetic splittings can have their origins in Genetic Barriers: In the Balear Islands there are two little islands that in the Glacial period were joined with the mainland; after de deglaciation and the rising of the sea level, the type of lizard that inhabited such future islands became isolated; now, after 12000 years those inhabiting in one island have a blue skin, the others a brown skin. Or the case of pigs: when it is decided that it must be created a new giant race, those pigs that display the selected features are choosen to be reproduced among themselves, never leaving them to mingle or reproduce with those of their original race; in fact an artificial isolation is created.

IDEA: each major migration represents a genetic shift by bottleneck: the inmigrated population don't mix more with their origins and natural selection selects the best genes after (similar as among Afroamericans' case ?).

Click in the next link to open a new window displaying some actual races.

The Khoisan people exhibit a number of characteristics, such as light skin color, female steatopygia and macronymphia, and the presence of "click" sounds in their language, that make them markedly distinct from neighboring Bantu groups and other sub-Saharan Africans.

Genetically the Andamanese Negritos are the most near relatives of the Khoisan of South Africa. The Andamanese speak a language that belongs to the Papuan philia.

Dolicocephalous peoples: Cromagnon, all Blacks, Papuans, all Australoids, Arabs, Berbers, Europeans (West), Chuckchi, all Americans except Patagonians, all Khoisan, Dyaks (Borneo). Brachycephaleus peoples: all Negritos, Pygmies, Mongoloids (excepting the Chinese, Japanese and Ainus), Patagonians, Lapps, Feroese, Frenchs (partialy), Italians (North), ex-Yugoslavia, ex-Checoslovaquia, Albania, Transilvania, Hungary, Turkey (West), Lebanon and Georgia.

Central Asia was the zone where the common Caucasian-Mongoloid branch splitted, or was where both races encountered first and mingled after ? After genetic research of the populations, it has been seen that such populations have a high degree of racial mix (around 1/3 Europoid and a 2/3 Mongoloid, leaving a 6% as "local" or "endogamous" genes. As there are not Mongoloid genes shared by Westerners, it would be evident that racial break was not there according to the conclusions.

IDEA: But it could be suggested in the other side also that it would be that the common Europoid/Mongoloid ancestors occupied first Europe and Central Asia, and an offshot would have colonized North Eurasia (in fact the facial characteristics of the Mongoloids display an adaptation for extreme cold climates: little nose, rasgued eyes, etc.), and that would explain the lack of Mongoloid genetic sequences among Europeans; the final picture in Central Asia would be fuzzy after successive inmigrations of Westerners and Asiatics there otherwise since in the Paleolithic this area was mainly uninhabited.

The Tasmanians would fit better among the Negrito race than that of the Australoids.

The core Indonesians (in forests, isolated islands, mountains, etc.) have an Australoid ressemblance.

Hemadu around Shangay, is a Neolithic culture with rice, pigs and bulls (since -5058). Remains of Mongoloid and Negrito skeletons...

Regions with Negritos or resembling Negritos in: India, Malaysia, Philippines, Andaman Islands (the most "pure": short stature, broad nose, ocre skin, frizzy hair, large teeth and projecting jaw). In India some Austroasiatic speakers (Mundas) occupy zones in the center and in the north of India, some of them are yet hunter-gatherers (the Bihor). Another group, which speaks Nahala, has no linguistic family (isolate). The Andamanese speak languages of the Indo-Pacific family (Papuan).

Quite a few classic Chinese wrote of "Black Dwarfs" with whom they shared the region. According to Chinese archaeologist Kwang-chih Chang, early skulls found in Southern China bore evidence of "Oceanic Negroid" types. He goes on to state that as early as -221 (the Chin Dynasty), "Negritos whom the Chinese call 'Black Dwarfs' are reported in the mountainous districts south of the Yangtze."

Huxley (1870): South Arabia displays rather Australoid typology.

Huxley: "I have great doubts if the Melanochroi [Mediterraneans] are to be regarded as a primitive modification of mankind in the sense in which that term applies to the Australioids, Negroids, Mongoloids, and Xanthochroi [Nordics]. On the contrary, I am much disposed to think that the Melanochroi are the result of an intermixture between the Xanthochroi and the Australioids. It is to the Xanthochroi and Melanochroi, taken together, that the absurd denomination of 'Caucasian' is usually applied."

IDEA: This commentary has been included to display that visually the nearest race to the Caucasians was perceived to have an Australoid origin. Genes also would confirm that as Caucasians/Mongoloids first branch with Australoids.

At -7000 maximum warm period, the Monsoon area (and mild climatology) reached till Sakhalin Island.

IDEA: That would have allowed to Australoids and other races non aclimateted to spread northwards in eastern Asia. That would explain the characteristic Caucasoidness of the Ainu, their high hairyness would be originated in having an Australoid origin, then they might have mingled with Mongoloids (or had a partial genetic apport) previously to -12000, because the more Mongoloid physical features are in the souther islands and that would correspond to a later migration when the sea level was similar to that of nowadays.

Dingos since -4000 in Australia, and carried there as dometicated dog, but are not present in Tasmania.

After genetic tests: Dingos in Australia are descendent of domesticated dogs evolved independently since -3000, having their origins in Indochina; such date coincides with the major extintion of Australian marsupials (as the marssupial Tiger).

Small tool tradition introduced into Australia from -3500, not arriving to Tasmania.

Negrito fatures in 12 Australian tribes and in Tasmania.

Modern Papuans are reminiscent of Oceanic Negritos.

The impact of the Bantu expansion on pre-existing hunter-gatherer communities was genetically appreciable. The contribution of Bantu-speaking peoples to the male-specific gene pool of the Pygmies is 50%, and a similar degree of admixture is detected also in the Khoisan-speaking !Kung (45%) and Khwe (58%). These Y-chromosome data agree with mtDNA data showing a higher "Bantu component" in the Khwe than in the !Kung, and they also correlate with the physical appearance of the former.

IDEA: Papuans could have retained languages but also might have changed physichally after an Australoid influence.

IDEA: Alocton genetic markers can spread over a population without obligatory ethnic (and linguistic) change then.

The Tasmanian language would belong to the Indo-Pacific family, not the Australian. Others point to the Papuan philia; in fact the remains of such extint languages are scarce.

IDEA: Two waves of Australoids would explain the ethnic situation in Australia-Papua-Tasmania; one before the deglaciation when it was a single continent that would have allowed the spread all over the region (but less in mountanous areas), and a second wave after the deglaciation (around -6000 ?) directed only to Australia, so that Papuans and Tasmanians would have suffered less blend, where Australians would have got more Australoid genes than others from Indonesia.

The M51genetic lineage found in the Khoisan, which represents 26% of the Khoisan chromosomes analyzed to date, and the M13 lineage, which is found at a high frequency in Ethiopia (41%), are united by M220, which is indicative of a shared common paternal ancestry. These findings, along with the sharing of haplotype 35, suggest a certain degree of ancient genetic affinity between Khoisan and Ethiopians. Hypotheses about the presence of some ancestors of modern Khoisan in eastern Africa have been made on the basis of Khoisan-like skeletal materials found in eastern and northeastern Africa and on the basis of linguistic affinities with some modern eastern African populations that also use "clicks" in their languages.

San race original area: Austral Africa and eastern Africa (being the limit the Nile River, by archeologic remains).

ON LANGUAGES

Austronesian belongs to the Austric superfamily (along with Daic, Austroasiatic and Miao-Yao) which are spoken mainly in Indochina.

Chukchi-Kamchatkan shows some trends with Eskimo-Aleut.

Gamkrelidze and Ivanov point relations among N. Caucasian with Basque, Sumerian, Urartian, Hurrian, and even Etruscan.

Chukchi-Kamchatkan language family: where a part of them are yet hunter-gatherers.

The Nganasan people, in the extreme part of North Siberia, are mainly hunter-gatherers and speak Uralic.

IDEA: Ainus thought to be Caucasoid by their hairiness, but the best reasonement would be that that links them to Australian aborigenes (that would have been admixed with Mongoloids: a 40% or more in their genes now).

Nostratic would be a macrofamly or philia that includes major linguistic families (Uralic, Hamito-Semitic, Indoeuropean, Kartvelian, among others) was first thought by Dane Holger Pedersen, but in the fifties it was refined independently by two Russian scholars: Vladislav Illich-Svitych and Aron Dolgopolsky; over 700 etymologies, involving both grammar and lexicon linked together Indo-European, Afroasiatic, Kartvelian, Uralic, Altaic and Dravidian. Per example in "black" the Proto-Afroasiatic "kr", the Proto-Indoeuropean "ker-", the Proto-Dravidian "kar", the Proto-Altaic "kara", Japanese "kuroi", Eskimo "qirniq", etc. Recently Greenberg has ideated Euroasiatic, that includes the past mentioned and Korean, Japanese, Ainu, Gilyak, Chukchi-Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut (providing 500 lexical etyomologies and 64 grammatical etymologies). Per example Finnish "uni", Mongolian "no", Korean "nuu", Japanese "nun-uny", Ainu "enunui", Gilyak (hunter-gatherers of Sakhalin Island) "nax" or Eskimo-Aleut "*inag" are refered to "sleep"; or the Proto-Turkik "aka", the Mongolian "aqa", the Tungus "aka", the Japanese Ryukyuan "aka", Ainu "ak" and Gilyak "ikin" are words related to "older brother"

Proto-Nostranic with 124 word entries support a tropical climate in origin, and the common notions for "saline earth, desert" and the pair "cold season - rain" would link it to the Near East. It has no words for ploughing or animal husbandry, so that might have been spoken by hunter-gatherers in origin.

Dene philia ideated by Sapir, who linked the group Na-Dene with the Asiatic Sino-Tibetan languages; by 1980 Starostin and Nikolayev expands the philia connecting it with proto-Caucasian and proto-Yenisseia (Dene-Caucasian group); around the same epoch Bengston can link Basque and Burushaski to the philia.

Roland, J.L. published a report in "Dossiers, Historie et Archeologie" that corroborates the relation of the Euskara with the Burushaski language (Pakistan). Another study of 1959 by the German Herman Berger arrived to the same conclusion.

Other macrofamilies are being developed: Dene-Caucasian (Basque "mili-", North Caucasian "*meltsi", Burushaski "-melch", Sumerian "-me", Sino-Tibetan "*mlay" linked in "tongue"), and if there are common features among the Na-Dene and the Sino-Tibetan languages, by logic it means that Basque per example migh have some connection with the Na-Dene languages of Canada.

IDEA: Symple correspondences found by myself in half an hour between Basque and Sumerian: animal/beast as abe - bir, power as al - alim, mother as ama - ama, river as ibai - aba/ida, city as ili - iri, tongue as mi - eme, I as ni - ni (for "self").

Sumerian ada "father" for Basque aita; Sumerian gur "wheels" for Basque gur-di "cart" and gur-pil "wheel"; Sumerian igi "eye" or igisi "to see" for Basque b-egi "eye" and ikusi "to see"; ziz "moth" for Basque sits; Sumerian abar "cane, reed" for Basque abar "branch"; Sumerian asa/as/az "bear" for Basque (h)artz "bear"; Sumerian bir "to be hot" for Basque bero "hot"; Sumerian gud "war" where Basque has gudu; Sumerian lu "man" in Basque loi "body"; luhum/luhummu "mud" in Basque lo(h)i/lokatz; Sumerian ud "sun, light, day" for Basque uda "summer"; Sumerian ur "dog" and Basque or(a) "dog"; ur "to flood" and Basque ur "water"; Sumerian ablative "-ta" where Basque has "-tek" are examples of the many possible Basque-Sumerian connection.

The lexico-estatistical raltion between Georgian and Circassian with the Basque is 7.52% (Swaden words), the most high correlation of the Basque language with whichever language in the world. Such correlation is too high as to be produced by mere chance according the mathematical calculus.

IDEA: such philias would be supported by the actual genetic panorama: about -30000 the common Caucasic-Mongoloid ancestors evolved in two separated branchs.

Some affinities between Basque and Uralo-Altaic: "su" for fire is similar to su/shu in Samoyedian, "oian" for forest would correspond to the "oy" among Mongolians. The Basque word for meadow "larre" would correspond to the Ostiak "lar".

Related words between Japanese and Basque are bird: tori-txori; this: kore-kori; he is: da-da; only: bakari-bakarrik; tired: akita-akitua; female: me-eme; brother: ani-anai; house: uchi-etxe (as eche); owner: nushi-nagusi; boy: musuko-mutiko. Other similar aspects are that both use the suffixes "- to" and "- i", or the unknowledge of the sound "r" at the beginning of words.

IDEA: Otherwise such relatedness is also attested for the Uralo-Altaic family which Japanese would be member.

Indo-European and Uralic have first-stage common relation.

Chukchi-Kamchatkan: a part of them yet hunter-gatherers.

The linkage Eskimo-Aleut with Na-Dene of North America had long been accepted. For the rest of American native families (11 in number) also has been done intensive research for common etymologies: nowadays 450. Per example Almosan-Keresiouan "maxwa", Penutian "makan", Hokan "mane", Central Amerind "*maka", Chibchan-Paezan "man", Andean "maki", Macro-Tucanoan "-mika", Equatorial "*meheny", Macro-Carib "emekun", Macro-Ge "mako", or Macro-Panoan "moken" are related to the word "hand"

IDEA: from a single tribe that entered America from the Bering Strait, in -14000 the language would have evolved to so many families...

The Nilo-Saharian linguistic family and the Nigero-Kordofanian are related families according to some scholars.

Even the last trends are to try to identify a common etymology for all world's languages. This last trend is paramount since would reveal migration directions, anthropological characteristics, and the psychological begginings of modern humans. But some linguists have been convinced that as genes, words transform so much in time and so matemathically that are not recognizable from its original word after some 7000 years, so that relation among languages more older than that could not be suited; but what to say, some words are more conservative than other due to its phonological set, per example the Indo-European word for nephew "*nepot" in actual Catalan is spelled "nebot", and that after so many generations, so many kilometers, and 6500 years as minimum. But even... Proto-Bantu "*kono", Masai "kaina", Hungarian "hon", Finnish "kain", Proto-Lezguian "*qün", Ancient Chinese "*ken", Navajo "gaan", Vietnamese "canh", and Ona "haken" all are related with "hand" or "arm". And yet 70 common words more have been found by now.

IDEA: such etymologies are simply awesome, as in their spreading, each human new society was de facto "isolated" from their origins, and from almost whichever land more far than 500 km. These big migrations take place some 45000 years ago, so it is awesome to keep such noticeable tracks of common origins.

IDEA: So the languages that would be linked by race are: Papuan for Negritos; Australian for Australoids; Nostranic and Dene-Caucasic for Caucasics/Mongoloids; Niger-Kordofan and Nilo-Saharian for Blacks; Khoisan for San. In the other hand there would be a linguistic family unlinked: Austric.

IDEA: These reconstructions of macrofamilies are giving some clues about their time-deepth and their racial origin (as it seems that are so old); but unluckly, being by now the daughter linguistic families unbranched as to display their most near sister/s, it is not sure to take such information to reconstruct ancient human migrations.

By -9000 almost all regions of the world were covered by human presence; estimated total population by then of 5000000.

Europe before Neolithic was inhabited as much as was inhabited Australia before the Neolithic/British colonization: some 300.000 inhabitants.

There were some 200 native languages in Australia in the XVII Century.

Tribes in Australia are constituted by some 500 people, being mainly endogamous (a 85% of marriages contracted within the tribe). Usualy each tribe has its own language.

MAP in a new window displaying Australian tribes by the XVII Century.

IDEA: so by -9000 there were some 10000 tribes and 10000 tongues ?

IDEA: So with so many languages and so many tribes it would be absurd to try to track all them; indeed it is needed to compile them in which linguistic or ethnic group fitted, so in this way there could be reconstructed a minimal idea on their customs, religious beliefs and affinities.

IDEA: So with such racial and date clues, it would be possible to reconstruct an approximative history about the modern human migrations and racial splittings. As it is impossible to archaeology to find where the first Homo Sapiens Sapiens became self- conscious and with a new abstract thinking that led him to ideate complex tools and strategies, it only can be done guessing. As said, the races might have appeared by consequence of a Genetic Barrier, so that with that in mind, and the geographic area of each race, it might be reconstructed for the Khoisan race an original area that covered Austral Africa and Eastern Africa, being their limits the Equatorial rainforest and the Nile River; for the Pygmy race they would be an adaptation of the Black race in rainforests, so that their bounds would be the natural frontier of the rainforests; for the Black race they might have occupied and evolved in the sabannas that were between the Sahara and the Congo Bassin (which was covered by rainforests), and the Nile. As the Khoisan race and the Negrito race are sister races it can be guessed that some Genetic Barrier acted over them, such barrier could be the Red Sea and the Sinai Peninsula, because if the Khoisan traversed it towards Asia, or the Negritos traversed it towards Africa, such action would have led invariably to a genetic split. The original area proposed for the Negritos would comprisse the Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Indonesia, Philippines and Sulliland (Australia, Tasmania and Papua-New Guinea); the area between the Red Sea and the Indic River (Near East) might have been occupied also by Negritos by logics, but the origins of the Europeans there, and the Australoid traits of the Arabs inhabiting the south of the Peninsula would lead towards an early genetic split (as there is in fact among the Khoisan/Negrito branch and the Australoid/Caucasoid/Mongoloid branch); maybe the Genetic Barrier was in the west the Red Sea and the Sinai Peninsula, where in the east might have been the desertical Irano-Afgan plateau that by then was similar to the Gobi in dryness and coldness. The Near East is were it seems that the Australoid race might have originated. A later eastward expansion of this race (aided by new technologies as the bow and arrow ?) might have provoked the blend that nowadays exists among the primitive tribes of India, Ceylon, Malaysia, Australia, and Papua-New Guinea, being those Negritos of the Andaman Islands the most pure in not receiving Australoid genes after their isolation. If it would be true that the Negritos of Philippines are whithout Australoid genes, it would mean that such Australoid expansion took place after the rise of the sea level (by -12000), but before the Neolithic (by -4000). As suggested by the clues, an Australoid tribe (or many) of the Near East might have went northwards around -38000 when the Mid-Glacial climate was in a period of mildness, a tribe of these Australoids was able to survive there after adaptation, so that from this tribe was peopled Europe first; such Australoids became isolated in Europe (being genetic barriers the Bosphorus and the Caucasus), so that the new Caucasoid/Mongoloid branch might have splitted by then from the Australoid. Some time after, a tribe (or many) would went eastwards to colonize empty territories (Central Asia, China, Siberia). This eastern branch suffered a double genetic barrier then, that of the far migration, and that of the Central Asia Big Barrier. Another far migration was that of Mongoloids towards America in three different waves. As in some point, according to these migrational paths, the Mongoloids might have reached areas inhabited by Negritos and/or Australoids in the Far East, and the Caucasians might have reached the boundaries of the Australoids in the Near East (the Taurus - Zagros ranges ?), it would have led towards a genetic blend (by marriage, by invasion, by superior technologies, by Neolithic colonizations, etc.). Otherwise, to explain the major racial blends, it would be needed to see the chapter (Neolithic expansions).

Of course, all such migrations are hypotethical and oversimplistic, and would be confirmed or rejected as new findings and information will be available.